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d），从小妈妈不在身边，跟姥姥长大，他从小就喜欢科学。
①Newton discovered that sunlight is a mixture of light of all colors。 He passed a beam of sunlight through a glass prism and studied the colors that were produced。（By passing a beam of sunlight through a prism； Newton showed that white light is made up of the rainbow's colors。）
②He made great discoveries in the field of mathematics。 He is credited with inventing integral and differential calculus。（微积分）
③He was the first to state the laws of gravitation。
Newton的成绩，英国诗人Alexander Pope有两句诗描写得最好：
Nature and Nature's laws lay hid in night：
God said； Let Newton be！and all was light。
（Alexander Pope：Epigram on Sir Isaac Newton）
In 1705 Newton was knighted by Queen Anne。 所以他名字前面有Sir。就是爵士。热门音乐中文也翻成爵士，但那是jazz的译音，并不真的是爵士，并且乱扭乱唱，一点也不爵士。
Newton虽然有那么大的成绩，但他很谦虚（humble），他说：
To myself seem to have been only like a boy playing on the sea…shore； and diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary； whilst the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me。
对Newton在science方面的conclusion是——1687 Sir Isaac Newton published the Principia； which summarized basic of mechanics。 Newton formulated the laws of gravitation and motion and contributed greatly to the theories of light and optical science。
第六个科学家——爱因斯坦（Albert Einstein），活了七十六岁。
爱因斯坦是German（德国人），又变成了Swiss（瑞士人），又变成了German，又变成了American（美国人），但他的blood是Jew（犹太人）。他帮助Jews复国，但成立Israel（以色列）的时候，他拒绝做总统，结果由他的朋友，会六国语言的Weizmann做了。
Einstein的新学说是“相对论”（the Theory of Relativity），使Newton的学说一部分动摇。
Albert Einstein； the German…American physicist； rejected Newton's explanation of universal gravitation but not the fact of its operation。 He said that his own work would have been impossible without Newton's discoveries。 He also said that the concepts Newton developed “are even today still guiding our thinking in physics”。
人类能够利用原子能（atomic power），就是从Einstein来的，没有Einstein，就没有原子弹（atomic bomb）用来war，也没有原子能用来peaceful uses。
对Einstein在science方面的conclusion是——1905 Albert Einstein presented his Special Theory of Relativity。 Einstein developed the theory of relativity which revised older theories of time and space； and led to the use of atomic power。
爸 爸 一九七五年五月三十一日
五月十八日信上托姥姥每周办的事，姥姥办了吗？
从鸭嘴兽到水獭
一
亲爱的小文：
一个半世纪前，科学家刚听说有一种下蛋的哺乳动物（egg…laying mammal），他们都不相信，说胡扯（a hoax），没想到世界上真有这么一种动物，就是“鸭嘴兽”（platypus）。鸭嘴兽只在澳洲（Australia）东海岸才有，澳洲也叫澳大利亚，是一个国家。
澳洲本来跟亚洲连在一起，但在五千万年以前分开了，所以它自己成为一个特别的地方，老是有些全世界只有它有别人没有的怪东西，鸭嘴兽就是其中之一。（Australia has many kinds of strange animals not found on other continents。 This is because the bridge of land that once connected Australia with Asia disappeared about 50 million years ago。 From then on； most of Australia's animal life developed independently）
另外一种只有澳洲有的小动物，就是koala，爸爸有一封信专门跟你谈过它，你记得吗？
Koala means “no drink”； and the aboriginal word well describes the gentle marsupial that draws moisture only from its food； the leaves of certain eucalyptus；（油加里树，也叫桉树，是常绿乔木，长得很快）or gum trees。 With oddly arranged fingers…the first two oppose the other three…a koala clings to a branch in a sanctuary at Waikerie。 Phascolarctos cinereous faced extinction by fur hunters until the 1920's； when conservation laws began to protect the continent's dozens of marsupial species。
Koala也叫袋鼠熊（kangaroo bear）。
袋鼠（kangaroo）也只有澳洲有。袋鼠前面两只手，很会打拳（boxing），后面两脚，很能跳，大尾巴在跳的时候可帮忙保持平衡（balance）。
美国有俗语“袋鼠法庭”kangaroo court； U。S。 Informal。 an unauthorized or unofficial court； usually self constituted； as a mock court by prisoners in a jail or a frontier court：…shot down over North Korea in 1952 and condemned to prison by a Red kangaroo court。（Newsweek），类似中文所说的“私设公堂”。以前在Kangaroo州，法官巡回各地办案，由这跑到那，很像袋鼠跳来跳去，所以叫袋鼠法庭。（Kangaroo court：A kangaroo court is an illegal mock or sham court； usually one set up by inmates of a prison to levy fines and punishment on other inmates who violate the “code”。 Such organizations； usually very informal in nature； exist in most large prisons and are even encouraged by some wardens as a useful device for maintaining order。 The name probably originated at the time when Australia； land of the kangaroo； was the penal colony for the British Empire。 The term has occasionally…and inaccurately…been applied to the kind of roadside justice of the peace court which exists only to collect fines from motorists caught in speed traps。）
当然这个kangaroo court是来自有kangaroo的地方才对。澳洲有袋鼠，澳洲以前又是英国的天然监狱，所以kangaroo court的观念（idea）是从澳洲来的。
英国本来把political prisoners朝美国送的，美国独立以后，英国要找个地方送prisoners，于是选中澳洲，自一七八七年起，英国在八十年间，送了十六万八千prisoners到澳洲，当时路上很苦，要走四个月。一七八八年初，prisoners在现在悉尼地方，建了settlement，悉尼就是Sydney，Sydney是当时英国内政大臣的名字，大概是为了拍马屁，才这么叫的。
悉尼人口不过二○○万，世界最大的船也可以开到港里去，是世界上最好的港口之一，也是澳洲最老资格的城市。
丹麦建筑师Utzon设计了Sydney Opera House，后面就是Harbour Bridge，这座桥重五万吨。
澳洲是脱离英国而独立的国家，所以受英国影响很重，连国旗里面都有英国旗。马路上走，也靠左走，英国就是靠左的（最早宣布澳洲是英国的人是科克船长Captain James Cook，他是发现Hawaii的探险家。五十一岁的时候，在Hawaii被土人杀了。）（Captain James Cook landed at Botany Bay； south of Sydney； in 1770。 He claimed Australia's entire east coast for Great Britain。）
首都堪培拉（Canberra），有一千五百万以上的树，它的议会大厦（Parliament House），尤其漂亮。
墨尔本（Melbourne）的名字是一个英国首相的名字，也是拍马屁来的。它的植物园、美术馆，都很有名，有三座大学。本来是首都，一九二七年迁都到堪培拉去了。
澳洲南部有两个有名的岛：
一个是塔斯曼尼亚（Tasmania）岛，也曾是英国关prisoners的地方，用了五十年。岛上有一种塔斯曼尼亚狼，母的也有袋鼠一样的袋，不过是装在背上，不在肚皮上。The Tasmanian wolf's genus name； Thylacinus； means “pouched dog”。 The female has a pouch which opens backwards and contains four teats。 The pouch is large enough to hold four pups； although the usual number of young in a litter is two。 The period of gestation is not known； but it is probably a little less than one month。 The young are born hairless and blind in an inplete； almost embryonic state of development。 They are carried in the pouch for three months…the duration of their semi embryonic life。 The cubs are then deposited in a nest of dry leaves and grass until they are old enough to hunt for themselves。
塔斯曼尼亚有台湾两倍大，你看台湾多小！岛上原有一种大牙齿的土人，现在已绝种了。
另一个岛是袋鼠岛（Kangaroo Island），岛的北边，就面对阿得雷德（Adelaide）城。它是澳洲考第三的大城。（Adelaide； South Australia's capital； is a well planned city； rich in parks and gardens。 It is near the great Gulf St。 Vincent； 90 miles long； 45 miles across。）
在澳洲东北海岸外面，有一二五○英里长的珊瑚礁（大堡礁，The Great Barrier Reef），有声有光，景象离奇，非常好看。好看是好看，可是船很难走，科克船长的船曾在这一带三次遇险。The Great Barrier Reef is one of Australia's most popular tourist attractions。 It is the largest coral reef in the world； stretching for about 1250 miles along the coast of Queensland。 The reef has thousands of islands and underwater coral formations。 The sandy beaches of the islands and the interesting sea life of the reef mark it an ideal spot for skin diving。 珊瑚礁中有一岛叫“绿岛”（Green Island），真巧，台湾也有一个绿岛！
羊有绵羊（sheep）和山羊（goat）两种，山羊（billy goat）有胡子，还有羊骚味（goaty odor）。
羊奶可以造干酪（cheese）和“牛”油，可以从羊身上得到羊毛。
羊毛出在羊身上（literally）Without a sheep； there can be no wool。—The benefit es； after all； from a price one has paid。 Whatever is the expense； somebody is going to pay for it。做衣服，其他还可吃羊肉、用羊皮、做肥皂、做网球拍……羊的用处多极了！（Sheep yield wool； meat； and leather。 They also furnish the raw materials for many byproducts； such as glue； tallow； suet； soap； fertilizer； cosmetics； and the catgut used in stringing tennis rackets。）
澳洲的羊，占世界第一位。占全世界六分之一。（Long famous as a land of sheep； Australia is the world's leading producer and exporter of wool and mutton and is a major producer and exporter of beef and wheat。 Australia is also a highly industrialized country。 Large deposits of coal and iron have bee the basis for an iron and steel industry； white an expanding economy provides a large domestic market for a wide range of goods and services。）
澳洲平均每个人有十四头羊（澳洲旁边的纽西兰（New Zealand）每人有二十头），而中国人平均十个