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在豪夫斯台德看来,知识和天分是不同的,我们虽不情愿,但只能羡慕别人的天分,但知识是我们头脑中批判性、创造性和沉思性的一面。天分对信息进行理解、应用、加工、并调整,而知识却会研究、思考、提问、总结理论、批判并想像。
目前学校里知识仍遭到怀疑。豪夫斯台德说我们国家的教育体系掌握在这样一些人手中,他们“毫不掩饰自己对知识的憎恶,对学习成绩最差的学生却表现出极大的认同,并且对自己的立场颇为得意。”
四
(1)The great progress of medicine
During the first half of the 20th century modern medicine has made a tremendous progress in curing and controlling many chronic and acute diseases all over the globe。
(2)Death can’t be avoid
The advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago。 But not even a great healthcare system can cure death and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours。
(3)The waste on some hopeless diseases
Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish; even under ideal conditions。 We all understand that at some level; yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved。
In 1950; the U。S。 spent 12。7 billion on health care。 In 2002; the cost will be 1;540 billion。 Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable。 Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it。 Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age—say 83 or so。
(4)Some regular diseases should be cured
Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond;and remain dazzlingly productive。The prevention works to diseases are feasible;and we can manage the health problems that e naturally with age。
(5)Learn from others
There are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit。The most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful。
[A]Shielded by thirdparty payers from the cost of our care; we demand everything that can possibly be done for us; even if its useless。 The most obvious example is latestage cancer care。 Physicians—frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient—too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified。
[B]The people in Japan and Sweden; countries that spend far less on medical care; have achieved longer; healthier lives than we have。 As a nation; we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve peoples lives。
[C]It is said that in England death is pressing; in Canada inevitable and in California optional。 Small wonder。 Americans life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century。 Failing hips can be replaced; clinical depression controlled; cataracts removed in a 30minute surgical procedure。
[D]Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way” ;so that younger; healthier people can realize their potential。
[E]In 1995;forty percent of the death certificates in the U。S。 listed one or more symptoms of heart disease。Although much has been learned about this disease;dating back to the 1930’s;including how to easily cure it;it remains the underlying cause of an incredible annual death toll。
[F]At 78;Via chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53。Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day OConnor is in her 70s;and former surgeon general C Everett Koop chairs an Internet startup in his 80s。
答案及解析
1。 C。主题为医学的巨大进步。项中提到美国人的寿命几乎增加了一倍,而且还说各种疾病,诸如情绪消沉,白内障等,都可得到很好的控制或治疗,这些都正好符合论点。
2。 E。解析:论点说“死亡是不可避免的”,并说再好的医护体系也不能治愈死亡。那哪个例子支持这个论点呢?注意E项中列出的例子。1995年,美国有40%的死亡人数是因心脏病导致的,虽然人们对这种疾病了解甚多,也知如何简单治疗,但“it remain the underlying cause of an incredible annual death toll。”(每年仍是导致令人难以置信的死亡人数的主要因素)。从这点上即说明了不论有多好的医疗条件,死亡仍是不可避免的。
3。 A。项中列举了晚期癌症的护理。讲述了这种疾病无法治好,但医生因怕病人失去生存希望只能不断进行无用的治疗,论证了题目中的论点“在一些无可救药的疾病上的浪费”。
4。 F。论点说“对于一些正常的疾病人们还是要加治疗的”。并说预防工作还是必要可行的。那样上了年纪后也不会有太大的健康问题。F项中列举了几个已过60岁的人仍然精力充沛地工作。他们便是活生生的证据,证明了该论点。
5。 B。乍一看论点“向他人学习”似乎与主题无关。但结合下文说“社会在这个(医疗)方面的花费是有限的,那些最昂贵,最神奇的治疗措施可能是无效、痛苦的”便可知道是在寻求一种途径。我们到底该怎么做呢?B项中呼吁政府应向日本和瑞典学习,同时指出了自己国家的不足,间接说明了应“learn from others”。
中心思想
本文论述了医学取得巨大进步,但死亡仍不可避免。批评人们在无可救药的疾病上的浪费。指出对于正常的疾病,人们还是要加以预防和应对的。同时指出本国在医疗方面的不足之处,呼吁应向日本和瑞典学习。
译文
在上半个20世纪中,据说,在英国死是步步紧逼的,在加拿大是不可避免的,而在加利福尼却是可以选择的。这种说法并不奇怪,在过去的一百年中,美国人的寿命几乎增加了一倍。股骨出了毛病可以换掉;临床性情绪消沉可以加以调控;白内障只需30分钟的外科手术便可摘除。
这种医学进步使老年人的生活质量得到了很大提高,这在50年前我进入医疗行业时是不可想像的。但是,再好的医护体系也不能治愈死亡——我们不敢面对现实威胁着我们的才智。1995年,美国有40%的死亡人数是因心脏病而导致的,虽然人们已对这种疾病了解甚多。也知如何简单治疗,但每年心脏病仍是导致令人难以置信的死亡人数的主要因素。
死亡是正常的。我们的基因决定了我们会解体、死亡,即使是在理想环境中。某种程度上我们都懂这个道理,但作为病人,我们却把死亡视为一个可以解决的问题。由于有第三方帮我们支付医疗的费用,我们便要求医生为我们做所能做的一切,尽管已毫无用处。最明显的例子便是晚期癌症的护理。由于无法治好这种疾病,又害怕病人失去希望,医生只得频繁地大胆用药,乃至超出科学的合理性。
1950年,美国花掉了127亿美元用于健康医疗,到2002年,费用将达到15;400亿美元。任何人都看得出这是难以为继的。然而,很少有人愿意去扭转这种趋势。有学者认为,资源有限的国家政府应停止为一定年龄之后的生命维持支付费用——比如83岁左右。
精力充沛的人能干到60岁甚至更久已是常事,而且工作能力强得令人瞠目。预防是可行的,而且我们能处理一些随年龄而来的健康问题。78岁的索姆纳?莱德斯通曾戏称自己53岁。最高法院大法官桑德拉?戴?欧科纳已70多岁,前外科医生协会主任C?埃维瑞特?库布80多岁还主持了一个网站的起步工作。
然而,社会在这个方面的花费是有限的。那些最昂贵、最神奇的治疗措施可能是无效和痛苦的。在日本和瑞典,国家在医疗方面的花费比我们少得多,但他们的人民比我们更长寿、更健康。作为一个国家,我们在寻求不可能治愈的疾病的治疗方面所投入的资金太多了,而在改善人们生活的普通医疗研究方面的投入则不足。
第二部分阅读理解B型题第四节选考题型之四概括大意题
该题型考查的是考生把握主旨大意,进行概括总结的能力。该题型要求考生为文章中的若干段落选出最恰当的小标题。也就是要求考生选出最能概括段落主题或要点的标题。
解题技巧
①先阅读选择项,寻找关键词,确定所考段落,然后读一段话,做一道题。
②读每段话时,要抓住该段话的主题句和核心词汇。正确答案常常是主题句的改写。
③某段话的答案确定后,将它的选项从选项中划去。
④如果答案不确定,先将可能正确的选项全部选出。
⑤干扰选项的特点是,段落中未展开详细的说明。
⑥如果主题句比较复杂(如复合句),应重点看主句部分。
有时主题句是比较复杂的复合句,如果理解有困难,应集中精力看主句部分,正确答案应来自主句。
⑦正确答案应是主题句的改写,与主题句特别一致的选项应引起怀疑。
Sample Four
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about plagiarism in the academic munity。 Choose the most suitable heading from the list A…F for each numbered paragraph (41…45)。 The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered。 There is one extra heading which you do not need to use。 Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1。 (10 points)
一
[A] Learn the basics of investment
[B]Calculate your worth
[C]Value your investment
[D]Have a nest egg
[E]Know your risk levels
[F]Diversify
These are things to watch out for when starting to invest。
1
Make a note of all your assets; no matter how insignificant they seem。 That way; you can work out what sort of investment suits you and over what time frame。
2
Think carefully about your future plans and where you would like to be in a few years’ time。 Consider the objective behind your decision to invest: are you aiming to retire in a decade; or are you saving for a deposit on a house? Your age and circumstances; as well as economic conditions; will determine the right investment for you。
3
Keep at least three months’ wages available in cash before considering any other investment。 That way; you will not lose out by having to liquidate a poorlyperforming asset at an unfavourable time。
4
Find out about various asset classes and their characteristics。 The market for pro